Adverb Clauses

ADVERB CLAUSES

1.      INTODUCTION

(a). When we were in New York, we saw several plays. (b). We saw several plays when we were in New York.	When we were in New York is an adverb clause. FUNCTUATION: When an adverb clause precedes an independent clause, as in (a), a comma is used to separate the clauses. When the adverb clause follows, as in (b), usually no comma is used.
©. Because he was sleepy, he went to bed. (d). He went to bed because he was sleepy.	Like when, because introduces an adverb clause. Because he was sleepy is an adverb clause
(e). INCORRECT: When we were in New York. We saw several plays. (f). INCORRECT: He went to bed. Because he was sleepy.	Adverb clause are dependent clauses. They cannot stand alone as a sentence in written English. They must be connected to an independent clause.*

SUMMARY LIST OF WORDS USED TO INTRODUCE ADVERB CLAUSES^**

TIME                                                                     CAUSE AND EFFECT     CONTRAST                        CONDITION

after                 by the time (that)         because                         even though                 if

before               once                             Now that                     although                      unless

when                as/so long as                 since                             though                         only if

while                whenever                                                                                             whether or not

as                     every time (that)                                              DIRECT CONTRAST       even if

as soon as         the first time (that)                                           while                            in case

since                 the last time (that)                                           whereas                         in the event that

until                 the next time (that)

EXERCISE 1

Directions: Add periods, commas, and capitalization.  Do not change, add, or omit any words. Underline each adverb clause.

1. Sue was in the other room when the phone rang as soon as she heard it she ran to the front room to answer it.

 Sue was in the other room when the phone rang. As soon as she heard it, she ran to the front room to answer it.

2. When it began to rain he closed the windows.
3. He closed the windows when it began to rain.
4. As soon as the rain began the children wanted to go outdoors they love to play outside in the warm summer rain I used to do the same thing when I was a child.
5. Jack got to the airport early after he checked in at the airline counter he went to the waiting area near his gate he sat and read until his flight was announced.

2. USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW CAUSE AND EFFECT

Because	(a) Because he was sleepy, he went to bed. (b) He went to bed because he was sleepy.	An adverb clause may precede or follow the independent clause. Notice the punctuation in *a) and (b).
Now that	© Now that the semester is over, I’m going to rest a few days and then take a trip. (d) Jack lost his job. Now that he’s unemployed, he can’t pay his bills.	Now that means “because now.” In ©: Now that the semester is over means “because the semester is now over.” Now that is used for present causes of present or future situations.
since	(e) Since Monday is a holiday, we don’t have to go to work. (f) Since you’re a good cook and I’m not, you should cook the dinner.	When since is used to mean “because”, It expresses a known cause; it means “because it is a fact that” or “given it is true that.” Cause and effect sentences with since say:”Given the fact that X is true, Y is the result. In (e): “Given the fact that   Monday is a holiday, we don’t have to go work.” Note: Since has two meanings. One is “because.” It is also used in time clauses: e.g., Since I came here, I have met many people.

EXERCISE 3:

Directions: Combine the sentences, using the word or phrase in parenthesis. Add commas where necessary.

1.      We can go swimming every day. The weather is warm. (Now that)

We can go swimming every day now that the weather is warm.

2.      All of the students had done poorly on the test. The teacher decided to give it again (since).

Since All  of the students had done poorly on the test. The teacher decided to give it again.

3.      Cold air hovers near the earth. It is heavier than hot air. (because)

4.      You paid for the theater tickets. Please let me pay for our dinner. (since)

5.      Larry is finally caught up on his work. He can start his vacation tomorrow. (now that)

6.      Our TV set was broken. We listened to the news on the radio. (because)

3. EXPRESSING CONTRAST (UNEXPECTED RESULT): USING EVEN THOUGH

(a)   Because the weather was cold, I didn’t go swimming. (b)   Even though the weather was cold, I went swimming. (c)    Because I wasn’t tired, I didn’t go to bed. (d)   Even though I wasn’t tired, I went to bed.

Because is used to express expected results. Even though is used to express unexpected results. Note: Like because, even though introduces an adverb clause.

EXERCISE 5

           

Directions: Complete your sentences by using either even though or because

1.      Tim’s in good shape physically ___Even though___ he doesn’t get much exercise.

2.      2. Larry’s in good shape physically ___because____ he gets a lot of exercise.

3.      I put on my sunglasses _______________ it was a dark, cloudy day.

4.      I put on my sunglasses _______________ the sun was bright.

5.      ________________ Maria has a job, she doesn’t make enough money to support her four children.

6.      _______________ Anna has a job, she is able to pay her rent and provide food for her family.

4. SHOWING DIRECT CONTRAST: WHILE AND WHEREAS

(a)   Mary is rich, while John is poor. (b)   John is poor, while Mary is rich. (c)    Mary is rich, whereas John is poor. (d)   Whereas Mary is rich, john is poor.	While and whereas are used to show direct contrast: “this” is exactly the opposite of “that.” While and whereas may be used with idea of either clause with no difference in meaning. Whereas mostly occurs in formal written English. Note: A comma is usually used even if the adverb clause comes second.
COMPARE (e)    While I was studying, the phone rang.	While is also used in time clauses and means “during the time that,” as in (e).

EXERCISE 6

Directions :  Choose the best completion.

1.        

5. EXPRESSING CONDITIONS IN ADVERB CLAUSES: IF-CLAUSES

(a)   If it rains, the streets get wet	If-clauses (also called “adverb clauses of condition”) present possible conditions. The main clause expresses results. In (a): POSSIBLE CONDITION = it rains              RESULT = the street get wet
(b)   If it rains tomorrow, I will take my umbrella.	A present tense, not a future tense, is used in an if-clause even though the verb in the if-clause may refer to a future event or situation, as in (b).*
WORDS THAT INTRODUCE ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION (IF-CLAUSES)            if                                    in case                          unless            whether or not               in the event that           only if            event if

EXERCISE 5

Directions: Make sentences from the given possibilities. Use if

1.      It may be cold tomorrow.

If it’s cold tomorrow, I’m going to stay home.

If it’s cold tomorrow, let’s go skating.

If it’s cold tomorrow, you should wear your wool sweater.

We can’t go on picnic if it’s cold tomorrow.

2.      Maybe it will be hot tomorrow.

3.      Maybe you will have free time tomorrow.

4.      Maybe you will lock yourself out of your apartment.

5.      Maybe the sun will be shining when you get up tomorrow morning.

6.               ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION : USING WHETHER OR NOT AND EVEN IF

WHETHER OR NOT (a)   I’m going to go swimming tomorrow whether or not it is cold. (OR: whether it is cold or not)	Whether or not expresses the idea that neither this condition nor that condition matters; the result will be the same. In (a): “If it is cold, I’m going swimming. If it is not cold, I’m going swimming. I don’t care about the temperature. It doesn’t matter.”
EVEN IF (b)   I have decided to go swimming tomorrow. Even if the weather is cold, I’m going to swimming.	Sentences with even if are close in meaning to those with whether or not. Even if gives the idea that a particular condition does not matter. The result will not change.

EXERCISE 6

Directions: Use the given information to complete the sentences.

7.            ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITIN: USING IN CASE AND IN THE EVEN THAT

(a)      I’ll be at my uncle’s house in case you (should) need to reach me. (b)      In the event that you (should) need to reach me, I’ll be at my uncle’s house.

In case and in the event that express the idea that something probably won’t happen, but it might. In case/in the event that means “if by chance this should happen.” Notes: In the event that is more formal than in case. The use of should in the adverb clause emphasize the speaker’s uncertainty that something will happen.

EXERCISE 7

Directions: Show the relationship between the ideas in the two sentences by using in case and/or in the event that.

1.      You probably won’t need to get in touch with me , but maybe you will. If so, I’ll give you my phone number.

I’ll give you my phone number in case you (should)  need to get in touch with

me/in the event that you (should) need to get in touch with me.

so,

2.       You probably won’t need to see me, but maybe you will. If so, I’ll be in my office tomorrow morning around ten.

3.       I don’t think you need any more information, but maybe you do. If so, you can call me.

4.       You probably don’t have any more questions, but maybe you do. If so, ask Dr. Smith.

5.       Jack probably won’t call, but maybe he will. If so, please tell him that I’m at the library.

8.       ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING UNLESS

(a)    I’ll go swimming tomorrow unless it’s cold. (b)    I’ll go swimming tomorrow if it isn’t  cold.

Unless = if ….. not In (a): unless it’s cold means “if it isn’t cold.” (a)    and (b) have the same meaning.

EXERCISE 8

Directions: Make sentences with the same meaning by using unless

1.      I will go to the zoo if it isn’t cold.

will go to the zoo unless it’s cold.

2.      You can’t travel abroad if you don’t have a passport.

3.      You can’t get a driver’s license if you’re not at least sixteen years old.

4.      If I don’t get some film, I won’t be able to take pictures when Ann an Rob get here.

5.      You’ll get hungry during class if you don’t eat breakfast.

9.      ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING ONLY IF

(a)   The picnic will be canceled only if it rains. I it’s windy, we’ll go on the picnic. If it’s cold, we’ll go on the picnic. If it’s damp and foggy, we’ll go on the picnic. If it’s unbearably hot, we’ll go on the picnic.	Only if expresses the idea that there is only one condition that will cause a particular result.
(b)   Only if it rains will the picnic be canceled.	When only if begins a sentence, the subject and verb of the main clause are inverted, as in (b).* No commas are used.

^*Other subordinating conjunctions and prepoditional phares fronted but only at the beginning of a sentence require subject-verb inversion in the mainclause:

Only when the teacher dismisses us can we stand and leave the room.

Only after the phone rang did I realize that I had fallen asleep in my chair.

Only in my hometown do I feel at ease.

EXERCISE 9.

Directions: Use the given information to complete the sentences.

1.       John must get a scholarship in order to go to school. That is the only condition under which he can go to school. If he doesn’t get one, he can’t go to school.

He can go to school only if ……. he gets a scholarship.

2.       You have to have an invitation in order to go to the party. That in the only condition under which you will be admitted. I you don’t have an invitation, you can’t go.

You can go to the party only if …….

3.      You have to have a student visa in order to study here. Unless you have a student visa, you can’t go to school here.

You can attend this school only if …….

4.      Jimmy’s mother doesn’t want him to chew gum, but sometimes he chews it anyway.

 sumber : 

using and Understanding English Grammar 3rd edition by betty Schrampfer Azar

digunakan dalam mata kuliah B.ing. dosen Dr. Kurnia

Jimmy ……. Only if he’s sure his mother won’t find out.

 sumber : 

using and Understanding English Grammar 3rd edition by betty Schrampfer Azar

digunakan dalam mata kuliah B.ing. dosen Dr. Kurnia