Nama    : Laela Nurjanah Nim        : 1204824

Theodore Lyman, seorang fisikawan yang lahir pada 23 November 1874  di Boston, Massachusetts. Ayahnya bernama Theodore, dan ibunya Elizabeth Russell. Anak dari keluarga kaya di Massachusetts ini tidak pernah menikah dan menghabiskan hidupnya di rumah megah di jalan Brookline (milik kakeknya). Beliau lulus dari Havard University pada 1897 dengan gelar AB, kemudian lulus dari Havard University dengan gelar AM pada 1899. Pada 1900, beliau lulus dari Havard University dengan menerima gelar Ph.D di bidang ilmu Fisika.

Setelah mendapatkan gelar AM, beliau menjabat berbagai posisi di Havard University. Selama dua tahun beliau menjabat sebagai asisten di bidang fisika di Havard University dari tahun  1899 hingga 1901. Kemudian, beliau menjadi instruktur dalam bidang fisika pada tahun 1902-1907. Selama sepuluh tahun berikutnya, beliau menjabat sebagai asisten profesor fisika tepatnya dari tahun 1907 sampai tahun 1917. Pada tahun 1917, beliau mulai menjadi seorang professor di Havard University dalam bidang ilmu fisika. Namun setelah empat tahun menjabat sebagai profesor, beliau memutuskan untuk berhenti menjadi profesor pada tahun 1921. Namun setelah itu, beliau menjabat sebagai profesor lagi, namun bukan sebagai professor fisika melainkan sebagai profesor Hollis di bidang matematika dan fillosofi alam dari tahun 1921 hingga 1926. Setelah itu, beliau menjadi pensiunan profesor hollis pada bidang matematika dan filosofi alam selama delapan tahun, yakni dari tahun 1926 hingga 1954. Namun kemudian beliau menjabat sebagai direktur Jefferson Physical Laboratory selama 20 tahun. Selain itu beliau juga menjabat sebagai presiden American Physical Society pada 1921-1922 dan pada 1924-1927 beliau menjadi presiden American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Disertasi Lyman membahas tentang penerapan difraksi cembung untuk mengukur spektrum garis pada sinar uv (suatu daerah dimana cahaya tidak dapat melewati udara) di tahun 1906.

Pada awalnya, spektrum atom hidrogen diukur oleh Johann Jakob Balmer (1825-1898) dan dideskripsikan oleh Rydberg dalam bentuk persamaan matematis. Namun, tidak ada yang dapat mengukur jarak transisi dari orbital P pada kulit ke dua (2P) menuju orbital S di kulit pertama berdasarkan rumus Rydberg. Jarak inilah yang kemudian dikenal sebagai spektrum garis ultraviolet. Lyman adalah orang yang menerima tantangan untuk memecahkan permasalahan ini. Beliau mengukur garis ultraviolet dari 2P-1S melalui beberapa percobaan menggunakan spektrograf yang beliau buat sendiri dengan akurasi dibawah 200nm. Akhirnya, pada tahun 1914 beliau menemukan spektrum garis pada daerah daerah uv untuk atom hydrogen, yang meruapakan dasar pada perkembangan teori kuantum. Selain itu, beliau juga meneliti tentang fenomena kisi difraksi sinar pada daerah uv dengan prisma CaF (yang ditemukan oleh Victor Schaumann), serta meneliti sifat optik berbagai materi pada daerah uv. Pada perang dunia I, beliau meninggalkan penelitiannya dan mengabdi sebagai Teknisi Major U.S. Signal Corps di Prancis. Namun kemudian beliau melanjutkan penelitiannya dengan mempelajari jarak suara dan kilat. Setelah perang dunia beliau merasa tidak dapat melanjutkan penelitiannya lagi dan jatuh sakit. Namun secara administrative, beliau menginfestigasi prinsip deret helium (termasuk garis alfa Lyman yang digunakan astronom untuk mempelajari matahari). Dan pada tahun 1940, beliau berhasil mencapai 10nm jarak dekat antara uv dan sinar X.

Beliau menerima banyak sekali penghargaan atas dedikasinya dalam dalam bidang spektroskopi,. Bahkan sejak beliau mengundurkan diri pada 1947, fasilitas keilmuan fisika berganti nama menjadi Lyman Laboratory of Physics. Beliau menerima medali Rumford dari American Academy of Arts and Sciences dan medali Elliott Cresson dari American Philosophical Society ,Franklin Institute pada 1931. Dan beliau merupakan anggota terhormat Royal Institution di Britania Raya. Theodore Lyman meninggal dunia pada 11 Oktober 1954 di Brookline, Massachusetts.

Sumber : http://scientists.enacademic.com/933/Lyman_,_Theodore

http://www.aip.org/history/acap/biographies/bio.jsp?lymant

http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Theodore_Lyman.aspx#5

http://www.osa.org/en-us/history/biographies/theodore-lyman/

http://www.reference.com/browse/theodore+lyman

LAMPIRAN

Lyman , Theodore

Lyman , Theodore

(1874–1954) American physicist

Lyman came from an old and wealthy Boston family and was educated at Harvard where he obtained his PhD in 1900. After a short spell studying abroad at Göttingen, Germany, and Cambridge, England, he returned to Harvard where he served as Hollis Professor of Physics (1921–25) and director of the Jefferson Physical Laboratory (1910–47).

Lyman was a spectroscopist who first developed a technique of investigating spectra in the ultraviolet region. In 1906 he observed the Lyman series of lines in the ultraviolet spectrum of hydrogen (similar to the series discovered by Johann Balmer in the visible region).

Source : http://scientists.enacademic.com/933/Lyman_,_Theodore

Theodore Lyman

Theodore Lyman was born November 23, 1874, graduated from Harvard in 1897, and completed a Ph.D. there in 1900. Except for two years at the Cavendish Laboratory, he remained at Harvard for the duration of his career. He resigned as professor and chair of physics in 1926, but continued as director of the Jefferson Laboratory for 20 more years.

Lyman was a pioneer in studying the extreme ultraviolet range of the spectrum. Theodor Schumann in Leipzig had extended spectroscopy to about 200 nm by using a fluoride prism; Lyman substituted instead a concave grating in a vacuum spectrometer. In 1906, Lyman studied the molecular spectrum of hydrogen. In 1914, he discovered the ultraviolet atomic series of hydrogen that had been predicted by Ritz from Balmer’s visible series. When World War I broke out Lyman left his research and served in the U.S. Signal Corps in France where he studied flash and sound ranging.

After the war, Lyman felt he never regained his original enthusiasm for his research. He took on additional administrative responsibilities and was stymied by ill health. He did manage to investigate the principal series of helium (including the Lyman alpha line used by astronomers to study the sun). By 1940, he had reached 10 nm, nearly closing the gap between ultraviolet and X-rays.

For his dedication to spectroscopy and physics in general he received numerous honors. Upon his retirement in 1947, a new physics facility was named the Lyman Laboratory of Physics. Lyman received the Rumford Medal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Elliott Cresson Medal of the American Philosophical Society, and OSA’s Frederick Ives Medal.

He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. In addition, he was a fellow of the American Physical Society, serving as president from 1921-1922, a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, serving as president from1924 to 1927, and a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.  He was an honorary member of the Royal Institution of Great Britain. 

Lyman died in October 11, 1954.

Source : http://www.osa.org/en-us/history/biographies/theodore-lyman/

Theodore Lyman

·                  Born: November 23, 1874 (Boston, Massachusetts)

·                  Died: October 11, 1954 (Brookline, Massachusetts)

Education

·                  1897: AB, Harvard University

·                  1899: AM, Harvard University

·                  1900: PhD, Harvard University (Physics)

Major Positions

·                  1899–1901: Harvard University, Assistant in Physics

·                  1902–1907: Harvard University, Instructor in Physics

·                  1907–1917: Harvard University, Assistant Professor of Physics

·                  1917–1921: Harvard University, Professor of Physics

·                  1921–1926: Harvard University, Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy

·                  1926–1954: Harvard University, Emeritus Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy

Other Positions

·                  1910–1947: Harvard University, Director, Jefferson Physical Laboratory

·                  1921–1922: American Physical Society, President

·                  1924–1927: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, President

Selected Awards and Honors

·                  1917: National Academy of Sciences, Member

Archival Resources

Harvard University Archives, Pusey Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Published Resources

P. W. Bridgman, "Theodore Lyman: 1874-1954" , Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences

Source : http://www.aip.org/history/acap/biographies/bio.jsp?lymant

Lyman, Theodore

Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography | 2008 | Copyright

Lyman, Theodore

(b. Boston, Massachusetts, 23 November J874; d. Brookline, Massachusetts, 11 October 1954)

experimental physics.

Lyman came from an old and wealthy Massachusetts family. His great-grandfather was a very successful Boston merchant. His father, also Theodore, was a marine biologist who served one term in Congress. His mother, the former Elizabeth Russell, was the granddaughter of a U.S. minister to Sweden. Theodore Lyman never married and spent his life in his grandfather’s mansion on a large estate in Brookline.

He received the B.A. degree in 1897 and the Ph.D. in 1900 from Harvard. After a year at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge and a summer at Göttingen he returned to Harvard as an instructor in physics. His entire career was spent at Harvard, where he was director of the Jefferson Physical Laboratory from 1910 to 1947 and held the Hollis professorship (the oldest endowed scientific chair in the United States) from 1921 until he retired.

Lyman’s doctoral dissertation was devoted to the problem of applying the concave grating to the measurement of spectral lines in the extreme ultraviolet, a region where the rays cannot pass through air. The technical problems were great and consumed six years. In the work Lyman found false lines in the spectrum which he was able to explain as due to periodic errors in the grating ruling. The clarification of these “Lyman ghosts” in 1900 constituted his doctoral thesis. His first published measurement of wavelengths in the “Lyman region”(1906) gave the first accurate measurements below 2,000 Å. and extended the known extreme ultraviolet region significantly. Viktor Schumann in Germany had used a fluorite prism to disperse the light that did not permit wavelength determination.

Lyman’s later scientific work was devoted to measuring various spectra and the optical properties of various materials in the region and to extending the ultraviolet spectrum to the final limit of 500Å., which he attained in 1917. In 1914 he announced the discovery of the fundamental series of hydrogen, which was an essential part of the foundation on which Bohr developed the quantum theory of the atom.

Never in robust health, Lyman retired from his professorship in 1925 but continued as director of the Jefferson Physical Laboratory until 1947. His last paper was published in 1935, although he continued to direct doctoral dissertations until 1942.

He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (president, 1924–1927), the American Physical Society (president, 1921–1922); an honorary member of the Optical Society of America and the Royal Institution of Great Britain; and a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.

He received the Rum ford Medal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Cresson Medal of the American Philosophical Society, and the Ives Medal of the Optical Society of America.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. Original Works. Lyman published about forty scientific papers. Hismost important work was The Spectroscopy of the Extreme Ultra-Violet (New York, 1914; rev. ed., 1928). Important papers include: “An Explanation of False Spectra From Diffraction Gratings,” in Physical Review, 16 (1903), 257–266; and “The Spectrum of Helium in the Extreme Ultra-Violet,” in Astrophysical Journal, 60 (1924), 1–14.

II. Secondary Literature. See the discussion of Lyman and his work by P. W. Bridgman, in Biographical Memoirs. National Academy of Sciences, 30 (1957), 237–250, which includes a complete bibliography.

Ralph A. Sawyer

Cite this article 

Source : http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Theodore_Lyman.aspx#5

Theodore Lyman

Theodore Lyman  (1874 - 1954) was a U.S. physicist andspectroscopist, born at Boston. He was graduated from Harvard in1897, where he also received his Ph.D. in 1900. He became anassistant in physics at Harvard, where he remained, becoming fullprofessor in 1917, and where he was also director of the Jefferson Physical Laboratory (1908-17). Dr. Lyman made important studiesin phenomena connected with diffraction gratings, on the wave lengths of extreme ultraviolet light discovered by Schumann andalso on the properties of light of extremely short wave length, onall of which he contributed valuable papers to the literature ofphysics in the proceedings of scientific societies. During World War One he served in France with the American Expeditionary Force,holding the rank of major of engineers.

He was the eponym of the Lyman series of spectral lines. TheLyman Crater, an impact crater that lies in the southernhemisphere on the far side of the Moon, was named after him.

References

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DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias.(2011).Scientists Lyman, Theodore.[Online].Tersedia: http://scientists.enacademic.com/933/Lyman_,_Theodore   [14 Oktober 2014]

Array of Contemporary American Physicist.(2014).Biographies  Theodore Lyman.[Online].Tersedia : http://www.aip.org/history/acap/biographies/bio.jsp?lymant  [12 Oktober 2014]

Encyclopedia.com.(2008).Theodore Lyman.[Online].Tersedia: http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Theodore_Lyman.aspx#1  [14 Oktober 2014]

Reference..(tanpatahun).Theodore Lyman.[Online].Tersedia: http://www.reference.com/browse/theodore+lyman [14 Oktober 2014]

The Optical Society.(2014).History Theodore Lyman.[Online].Tersedia: http://www.osa.org/en-us/history/biographies/theodore-lyman/  [12 Oktober 2014]