Adverb of Time

ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME

1. ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME: FORM

(a)      When the phone rang,  the baby woke up.                Adverb clause                 Main clause	In (a): When the phone rang is an adverb clause of time. An adverb clause is one kind of dependent clause. A dependent clause must be attached to an independent or main clause. In (a): the baby woke up  is the main clause.
(b)      INCORRECT: When the phone rang.  The baby woke up. (c)       The phone rang. The baby woke up.	Example (b) is incorrect because the adverb clause is not connected to the main clause. Example (c) is correct because there is no adverb clause. The two main clauses are both independent sentences.
(d)      When the phone rang, the baby woke up. (e)       The baby woke up when the phone rang.	Examples (d) and (e) have the same meaning. An adverb clause can come in front of a main clause, as in (d), or follow the main clause, as in (e). Note that a comma is used to separate the two clauses when the adverb clause comes first.

EXECISE 1

Directions:

 Add necessary punctuation and capitalization. Identify adverb clauses and main

clauses. Do not add or delete any words.

Example:       When Sam was in New York he stayed with his cousins.

                        When Sam was in New York, he stayed with his cousins.   

1. We went inside when it began to rain
2. It began to rain we went inside
3. When it began to rain we went inside
4. When the mail comes my assistant opens it
5. My assistant opens the mail when it comes

2. USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW TIME RELATIONSHIPS

After	(a)   After she graduates, she will get a job. (b)    After she (had) graduated, she got a job.	A present tense, NOT a future tense, is used in an adverb clause of time, as in examples (a) and (c).
before	(c)    I will leave before he comes. (d)   I had left before he came.
when	(e)    When I arrived, he was talking on the phone. (f)     When I got there, he had already left. (g)   When it began to rain, I stood under the tree. (h)   When I was in Chicago, I visited the museums. (i)     When I see him tomorrow, I will ask him.	When = at that time Notice the different time relationships expressed by the tenses.
While As	(j)     While I was walking home, it began to rain. (k)   As I was walking home, it began to rain.	While, as = during that time
By the time	(l)     By the time he arrived, we had already left. (m) By the time he arrived, we had already left.	By the time = one event is completed before another event Notice the use of the past perfect and future perfect in the main clause.
since	(n)   I haven’t seen him since he left this morning. (o)   I’ve known her ever since I was a child.	Since = from that to the present In (o): ever adds emphasis. Note: the present perfect is used in the main clause.
Until till	(p)   We stayed there until we finished our work. (q)   We stayed there till we finished our work.	Until, till =  to that time and then no longer (Till is used more in speaking than writing; it is generally not used in formal English).
As soon as Once	(r)    As soon as it stops raining, we will leave. (s)    Once as it stops raining, we will leave.	As soon as, once = when one event happens, another event happens soon afterwards
As long as So long as	(t)     I will never speak to him as long as I live. (u)   I will never speak to him so long as I live.	As long as, so long as =  during all that time, from beginning to end
Whenever every time	(v)   Whenever I see her, I say hello. (w) Every time I see her, I say hello.	Whenever =  every time
The first time The last time The next time	(x)   The first time (that) I went to New York, I went to an opera. (y)   I saw two plays the last time that I went to New York. (z)   The next time (that) I go to New York, I’m going to see a ballet.	Adverb clauses can be introduced by the following:                First               Second The       Third, etc        time (that)               Last               Next               Etc.

After and before are commonly used in the following expressions:

Shortly after                           shortly before

a shortly time after               a shortly time before

            A little while after                 a little while before

            not long after                         not long before

            Soon after

EXERCISE 2

Directions:

Combine each pair of sentences. Use the given time words if they are possible

and appropriate in the meaning. Cross out inappropriate ones.

In the new sentences, omit unnecessary words, make any necessary changes

(paying special attention to verb forms), and punctuate carefully.

1. The other passengers will get on the bus soon. Then we’ll leave.

a.      While       b. as soon as  c. the last time

As soon as the other passengers get on the bus, we’ll leave.

2. Susan sometimes feels nervous. Then she chews her nails.

a.      Whenever            b. before         c. every time

3. The frying pan caught on fire. I was making dinner at that time.

a.      By the time          b. while          c. as soon as

4. We were sitting down to eat. Someone knocked on the door that moment.

a.      Just as       b. just after    c. just before

5. We have to wait here. Nancy will come.

a.      As soon as                       b. after                        c. until

­­­­­­­­­­­_____________

 sumber : 

using and Understanding English Grammar 3rd edition by betty Schrampfer Azar

digunakan dalam mata kuliah B.ing. dosen Dr. Kurnia